CVE intelligence

CVE-2025-23135

Vulnerability intelligence

Published Apr 16, 2025Sources checked Oct 9, 2026

5.5MEDIUMCVSS out of 10

What this means

Review the available evidence

CVE-2025-23135 and is rated Medium severity with a CVSS score of 5.5. It is not in the current CISA KEV record we collected. That does not prove exploitation has not occurred.

What to do next

Remediation and response

Microsoft Security Response Center guidance

Vendor revision: Sep 24, 2026

Release Notes

CISA KEVNot listedBased on the latest collected catalog

EPSS0.2%Estimated 30-day exploitation probability

Ransomware useNot markedCISA KEV ransomware field

Threat actors0Source-linked actor relationships

Overview

What is CVE-2025-23135?

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

RISC-V: KVM: Teardown riscv specific bits after kvm_exit

During a module removal, kvm_exit invokes arch specific disable call which disables AIA. However, we invoke aia_exit before kvm_exit resulting in the following warning.

KVM kernel module can't be inserted afterwards due to inconsistent state of IRQ.

[25469.031389] percpu IRQ 31 still enabled on CPU0! [25469.031732] WARNING: CPU: 3 PID: 943 at kernel/irq/manage.c:2476 __free_percpu_irq+0xa2/0x150 [25469.031804] Modules linked in: kvm(-) [25469.031848] CPU: 3 UID: 0 PID: 943 Comm: rmmod Not tainted 6.14.0-rc5-06947-g91c763118f47-dirty #2 [25469.031905] Hardware name: riscv-virtio,qemu (DT) [25469.031928] epc : __free_percpu_irq+0xa2/0x150 [25469.031976] ra : __free_percpu_irq+0xa2/0x150 [25469.032197] epc : ffffffff8007db1e ra : ffffffff8007db1e sp : ff2000000088bd50 [25469.032241] gp : ffffffff8131cef8 tp : ff60000080b96400 t0 : ff2000000088baf8 [25469.032285] t1 : fffffffffffffffc t2 : 5249207570637265 s0 : ff2000000088bd90 [25469.032329] s1 : ff60000098b21080 a0 : 037d527a15eb4f00 a1 : 037d527a15eb4f00 [25469.032372] a2 : 0000000000000023 a3 : 0000000000000001 a4 : ffffffff8122dbf8 [25469.032410] a5 : 0000000000000fff a6 : 0000000000000000 a7 : ffffffff8122dc10 [25469.032448] s2 : ff60000080c22eb0 s3 : 0000000200000022 s4 : 000000000000001f [25469.032488] s5 : ff60000080c22e00 s6 : ffffffff80c351c0 s7 : 0000000000000000 [25469.032582] s8 : 0000000000000003 s9 : 000055556b7fb490 s10: 00007ffff0e12fa0 [25469.032621] s11: 00007ffff0e13e9a t3 : ffffffff81354ac7 t4 : ffffffff81354ac7 [25469.032664] t5 : ffffffff81354ac8 t6 : ffffffff81354ac7 [25469.032698] status: 0000000200000100 badaddr: ffffffff8007db1e cause: 0000000000000003 [25469.032738] [<ffffffff8007db1e>] __free_percpu_irq+0xa2/0x150 [25469.032797] [<ffffffff8007dbfc>] free_percpu_irq+0x30/0x5e [25469.032856] [<ffffffff013a57dc>] kvm_riscv_aia_exit+0x40/0x42 [kvm] [25469.033947] [<ffffffff013b4e82>] cleanup_module+0x10/0x32 [kvm] [25469.035300] [<ffffffff8009b150>] __riscv_sys_delete_module+0x18e/0x1fc [25469.035374] [<ffffffff8000c1ca>] syscall_handler+0x3a/0x46 [25469.035456] [<ffffffff809ec9a4>] do_trap_ecall_u+0x72/0x134 [25469.035536] [<ffffffff809f5e18>] handle_exception+0x148/0x156

Invoke aia_exit and other arch specific cleanup functions after kvm_exit so that disable gets a chance to be called first before exit.

Source: NVD